NEW YORK — The Los Angeles Dodgers, Latin American teenagers and Cubans approaching their mid-20s were losers in baseball’s new labor contract, which includes stiffer penalties for high-spending teams and a hard cap on signing bonuses for international amateurs.

The Oakland Athletics also came up short, with the team’s ability to receive revenue-sharing money to be trimmed in stages and eliminated in 2020.

Mid-tier free agents were winners, with management agreeing teams will no longer forfeit first-round draft picks for signing players who turn down qualifying offers. But top-tier free agents could wind up as losers if potential bidders back off because of the steeper tax for exceeding the payroll threshold.

Players and owners agreed to the five-year deal Wednesday, subject to ratification.

The luxury tax threshold, which was $178 million in 2011 and $189 million this year, will rise to $210 million by 2021. That represents an 18 percent rise over a decade, well below the rate of increase in baseball’s revenue.

And the highest tax bracket will rise, with two levels of new surtaxes.

The Dodgers’ luxury-tax payroll this year was about $256 million, down from a record $297 million last year, leaving them on track to owe a tax of approximately $34 million — a 50 percent rate assesses on the amount over the threshold.

The new rules transition in next year and don’t have a full impact until 2018.

While management failed to gain the international draft it wanted, players did agree to a hard cap on international signings, which eliminates deals such as Yoan Moncada’s $31.5 million signing bonus with Boston in 2015. The signing pool limit will be $4.75 million for the signing period that begins July 2. The pool rises to $5.25 million for teams with competitive balance round A draft picks and $5.75 million for clubs with round B selections.

Eight teams have spent more than $4.75 million in the current signing season, led by San Diego at $34.6 million (plus a $31.3 million tax). Because of the new limits, teams that had tentative deals in place with 15-year-old Latin players that were set to be finalized next summer could be forced to back out.

Players who left Cuba also are impacted by the changes. Under the old rules, Cubans didn’t count against a team’s signing bonus pool if they were at least 23 and played in a professional league for at least five seasons. Under the new deal, the age is raised to 25.